教育/學校心理學在追求人類福祉
導言
現在，我們生活在現代世界的技術。 隨著幫助科學和技術發展，我們在各個領域。 印度是一個發展中國家。 我們有很多在中國的人力資源。 但識字率非常低，相較於其他發達國家和發展中國家在世界上。 印度是一個富有的國家，但印度人是窮人。 隨著幫助科學和技術，並利用各種渠道以適當的方式是有可能的印度成為一個發達國家，在世界上。 在現代世界人民生活在高度緊張。 學生在學校和大學，也生活在高度緊張的比賽，因為沉重。 這是需要引進心理學作為一個總題目中的所有類都在學校和大學水平。 瑜伽和冥想也需要每一個人在世界上。
教育的定義
Ø學習教育是人類的靈魂，什麼是最好的，作出什麼是最好的了他們？
- 約翰羅斯金
Ø教育是一種武器，其效果取決於誰認為這是他的手和目標是誰，目的。
-約瑟夫斯大林
教育一詞來源於拉丁語教養 ，意思是“提高”，“撫養”，“培養”，“撫養”。 教育是指漸進的過程，獲取知識。 教育是生命的準備。 教育也定義為專業教學（尤其是在學校或學院或大學）。
教育的重要性
印度是一個工會組成的28國和7個地區。 該憲法規定，指示有關教育的發展在全國各地。 在哪些領域各自的中央和邦政府已域名已確定在憲法為中心名單，國家名單和並發名單。 直到70年代末，學校教育是對國家的名單，這意味著各國有最後決定權在管理各自的教育體系。 然而，在1976年，教育轉移到並發名單通過一項憲法修正案，其目的是促進有意義的教育夥伴關係，中央和國家政府。 今天，中央確立了廣泛的教育政策，學校課程開發和管理做法。 這些作為指導方針的狀態。
一般而言，在開始一個非常年輕的年齡，兒童學習，發展和使用他們的心理，道德和身體的權力，他們獲得通過各種形式的教育。 教育是通常被稱為學習的過程和獲得的知識在學校，在正規教育形式。 然而，這一進程的教育不只是一個孩子時開始第一次上學。 教育從家庭開始。 一個不只是學習知識的老師，一個可以學習和接受知識，父母，家庭成員，甚至是熟人。 在幾乎所有的社會，上學和接受教育是非常重要和必要的，如果你想取得成功。
教育心理學
教育心理學是研究人類如何在教育環境中學習，教育的有效性干預，心理學的教學和社會心理學的學校組織。 雖然條件“教育心理學”和“學校心理”往往交替使用，研究人員和理論家有可能被確定為教育心理學家，醫生，而在學校或學校相關的設置被確定為學校的心理學家。 教育心理學關注的是過程中的教育程度一般人口和亞群體，如天才兒童和受特定殘疾
教育心理學一部分可以理解的關係，通過與其他學科。 它主要由心理學通報，軸承的關係，以類似的紀律之間的關係，醫學和生物學。 教育心理學又通知範圍廣泛的專業範圍內的教育研究，包括教學設計，教育技術，課程開發，組織學習，特別教育和課堂管理。 教育心理學都吸引並有助於從認知科學和學習科學。 In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks.
Uses of Educational Psychology
For finding Individual differences and Disabilities
Each person has an individual profile of characteristics, abilities and challenges that result from learning and development. These manifest as individual differences in intelligence, creativity, cognitive style, motivation, and the capacity to process information, communicate, and relate to others. The most prevalent disabilities found among school age children are attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disability, dyslexia, and speech disorder. Less common disabilities include mental retardation, hearing impairment, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and blindness.
Although theories of intelligence have been discussed by philosophers since Plato, intelligence testing is an invention of educational psychology, and is coincident with the development of that discipline. Continuing debates about the nature of intelligence revolve on whether intelligence can be characterized by a single, scalar factor (Spearman's general intelligence), multiple factors (as in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences), or whether it can be measured at all. In practice, standardized instruments such as the Stanford-Binet IQ test and the WISC are widely used in economically developed countries to identify children in need of individualized educational treatment. Children classified as gifted are often provided with accelerated or enriched programs. Children with identified deficits may be provided with enhanced education in specific skills such as phonological awareness.
For Social, Moral and Cognitive Developemnt
To understand the characteristics of learners in childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, educational psychology develops and applies theories of human development. Often cast as stages through which people pass as they mature, developmental theories describe changes in mental abilities (cognition), social roles, moral reasoning, and beliefs about the nature of knowledge.
For example, educational psychologists have researched the instructional applicability of Jean Piaget's theory of development, according to which children mature through four stages of cognitive capability. Piaget hypothesized that children are not capable of abstract logical thought until they are older than about 11 years, and therefore younger children need to be taught using concrete objects and examples. Researchers have found that transitions, such as from concrete to abstract logical thought, do not occur at the same time in all domains. A child may be able to think abstractly about mathematics, but remain limited to concrete thought when reasoning about human relationships. Perhaps Piaget's most enduring contribution is his insight that people actively construct their understanding through a self-regulatory process.
Piaget proposed a developmental theory of moral reasoning in which children progress from a naive understanding of morality based on behavior and outcomes to a more advanced understanding based on intentions. Piaget's views of moral development were elaborated by Kohlberg into a stage theory of moral development. There is evidence that the moral reasoning described in stage theories is not sufficient to account for moral behavior. For example, other factors such as modeling (as described by the social cognitive theory of morality) are required to explain bullying.
Developmental theories are sometimes presented not as shifts between qualitatively different stages, but as gradual increments on separate dimensions. Development of epistemological beliefs (beliefs about knowledge) have been described in terms of gradual changes in people's belief in: certainty and permanence of knowledge, fixedness of ability, and credibility of authorities such as teachers and experts. People develop more sophisticated beliefs about knowledge as they gain in education and maturity.
Psychology and Teacher
Teacher is a national builder. He has a power to change the world through education. According to our Indians teacher is a third god. Teacher plays a prominet role in the development of society. Educational Psychology is a main subject in teacher education at D.Ed., B.Ed., and M.Ed. levels. It is necessary for each and every teacher to know about psychology. Becausse it is necessary to know the behaviour of the students in the class. Teacher has different roles like father, advisor, councellor, administrator and well wisher. The future of any country is in the hands of teachers. So it is necessary to give importance for teacher education. So our government introduced psychology subject in teacher education curriculum.
After undergoing the course, the student teacher
1) Explains psychology and its relationship with Education.
2) Classifies different branches of psychology and explains their significance.
3) Explains the importance of heredity and environment and its influences in educational process.
4) Explains the different aspects of the development of the child.
5) Explains the growth and human beings and their behaviour.
6) Describes the individual aspects of the development of the child.
7) Explains the primary needs of the children.
8) Explains the secondary needs of the children.
9) Explains the theories of learning and the factors influencing learning.
10) Explains the concept of socialization.
11) Explains the different types of learning.
12) Understands the concept of motivation and the steps to be taken to motivate the children.
13) Explains attention and its uses.
14) Develops skill of observation, listening, responding and understanding.
15) Describes memory, remembering and forgetting and identifies conditions of good memory.
16) Describes the effects of different methods used for learning process.
17) Explains thinking process and its uses-perception, conception, apperception for different ages.
18) Explains the role of creativity and its development.
19) Explains the meaning of intelligence and understands the changing concept of intelligence.
20) Enhances personality development of pupils.
21) Describes the mental hygiene and mental health.
22) Understands exceptional children and their significance.
23) Practices guidance and counseling for school pupils.
結論
Educational psychology is an application of the principles of psychology for effective learning and modification of behaviour on desirable dimensions. Knowledge of educational psychology makes a teacher effective in motivating the pupils in their learning. In short it is an inseparable part of strategy in education. Education gives knowledge, wealth and health. Education is a solution for all types of problems in the society. Through education only it is possible overall development of a person in the society. Through education it is easy to know about behavour of the students and persons in the society with the help of psychology. So it is necessary to study psychology all persons in the society in the modern world. Educational Psychology helps the overall development of the student.
參考文獻
1。 Educational psychology a cognitive view by Asubel, DP
2..Element of educational psychology by Bhatia, HR
3。 Psychology applied to teaching by Bichler, RF
4。 Educational psychology by Cole, EC and Bruce, WF
5。 http:/ www.google.com
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